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''Le Rouge et le Noir'' ((:lə ʁuʒ e lə nwaʁ); French for ''The Red and the Black'') is a historical psychological novel in two volumes by Stendhal, published in 1830. It chronicles the attempts of a provincial young man to rise socially beyond his modest upbringing through a combination of talent, hard work, deception, and hypocrisy—who ultimately allows his passions to betray him. The novel’s full title, ''Le Rouge et le Noir: Chronique du XIXe siècle'' (''The Red and the Black: A Chronicle of the 19th Century''),〔''The Red and the Black'', by Stendhal, C. K. Scott-Moncrief, trans., 1926, p. xvi.〕 indicates its two-fold literary purpose as both a psychological portrait of the romantic protagonist, Julien Sorel, and an analytic, sociological satire of the French social order under the Bourbon Restoration (1814–30). In English, ''Le Rouge et le Noir'' is variously translated as ''Red and Black'', ''Scarlet and Black'', and ''The Red and the Black'', without the sub-title.〔''Benét’s Reader’s Encyclopedia'', Fourth Edition, (1996) p. 859.〕 The title refers to the tension between the clerical and secular interests of the protagonist, which is a matter of some debate.〔(''Red and Black?'' )〕 ==Background== ''Le Rouge et le Noir'' is the Bildungsroman of Julien Sorel, the intelligent and ambitious protagonist. He comes from a poor family〔 and fails to understand much about the ways of the world he sets out to conquer. He harbours many romantic illusions, but becomes mostly a pawn in the political machinations of the ruthless and influential people about him. The adventures of the hero satirize early 19th-century French society, especially the hypocrisy and materialism of the aristocracy and members of the Roman Catholic Church, foretelling the coming radical changes that will depose them from their leading role in French society. The first volume’s epigraph is attributed to Danton: "La vérité, l’âpre vérité" (“The truth, the harsh truth”), but like most of the chapter epigraphs it is actually fictional. The first chapter of each volume repeats the title ''Le Rouge et le Noir'' and the ''Chronique de 1830'' sub-title. The novel’s title refers to the contrasting uniforms of the Army and the Church. Early in the story, Julien Sorel realistically observes that under the Bourbon restoration it is impossible for a man of his plebeian social class to distinguish himself in the army (as he might have done under Napoleon), hence only a Church career offers social advancement and glory. In complete editions, the first book ("Livre premier", ending after Chapter XXX) concludes with the quotation "To the Happy Few", a dedication that refers to ''The Vicar of Wakefield'' by Oliver Goldsmith, parts of which he had memorized in the course of teaching himself English. In ''The Vicar of Wakefield'', "the happy few" refers ironically to the small number of people who read the title character's obscure and pedantic treatise on monogamy.〔Martin Brian Joseph. ''Napoleonic Friendship: Military Fraternity, Intimacy, and Sexuality in Nineteenth- Century France''. UPNE, 2011, p. 123〕 Beyond that, "the happy few" conjures up the lines from Henry V's St. Crispin's Day speech in Shakespeare;s "Henry V"--"We few, we happy few, we band of brothers...." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「The Red and the Black」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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